杉木全同胞家系的遗传分析及重要树冠因子的筛选

通过对5年生杉木6×6全双列杂交(Griffing Ⅲ)试验林的调查与分析，研究杉木若干性状的遗传与变异规律，并筛选决定理想株型的重要树冠结构因子，为杂交育种和杉木理想株型无性系选育提供科学依据。运用转化分析法来处理不平衡试验数据，结合配合力分析法、相关分析法和通径分析法,研究杉木遗传变异、基因作用方式和重要树冠因子的选择。通过对杉木若干性状进行研究，获得了不同性状遗传变异大小。结果表明，杉木材积、枝下高和饱满度等性状具有中度遗传变性，树高、胸径具有窄的遗传变异性，同时杉木改良性状具有中度以上的遗传力，因此杉木生长形质性状宜采用连续多世代改良；在杉木生长、形质性状和树冠结构性状中，12个研究性状有8个重要性状的基因作用方式以非加性遗传基因效应为主，杉木高世代育种亲本是多世代与高强度选择的产物,杂合体居多,杉木的多性状、高世代遗传改良以杂交育种为主；生长、形质和树冠结构性状间具有明显的遗传相关性，通径分析揭示:决定杉木理想株型育种中重要树冠结构性状是冠形率和树冠表面积大小。由此可见:杉木多性状、多世代连续改良以杂交育种为主，杉木无性系理想株型选择时，应注重冠形率和树冠表面积的作用。     

Exploring tree diversity and stand structure of savanna woodlands in southeastern Sudan

Savanna woodlands in Sudan host great biodiversity, provide a plethora of ecosystem goods and services to local communities, and sustain numerous ecological functions. Although the importance of the Acacia trees in these areas is well known, up-to-date information about these woodlands' diversity is limited and changes in their woody vegetation composition, density, diversity and relative frequency are not monitored over time. This study explored tree diversity and stand stage structure in Nuara Reserved Forest, a typical savanna woodland ecosystem in southeastern Sudan. A total of 638 circular sample plots (1000 m² for each) were established using a systematic sampling grid method. The distance between plots was 200 m. In each plot, all living trees with diameter at breast height (DBH) ≥5.00 cm were identified and counted, and their DBH values were recorded. From these data, tree composition, diversity, density and stage structure were assessed. There were 12,259 individual trees representing four species (Acacia seyal, Balanites aegyptiaca, Acacia Senegal and Acacia mellifera) that belong to two families. The dominant species was Acacia seyal. Average tree density was 191 trees/hm² and the Shannon-Weiner index for trees diversity was 0.204. Overall, young trees comprised 86.30% of the forest. The state of tree richness and density in the study area was low compared to other similar environments in the region and around the world. We recommended adoption of a proper management system that includes monitoring of woody vegetation diversity in this forest, and management actions to enhance tree diversity and sustain ecosystem services to local communities. In addition to care for the dominant Acacia seyal stands, more attention and conservation should be devoted to reestablishing Acacia senegal and Acacia mellifera trees because of their high ecological and economic values for local communities.     

添加芽孢杆菌对草鱼池塘中真核微生物的影响

为了研究添加芽孢杆菌对池塘中真核微生物群落结构和理化因子的影响,采用高通量测序技术分析了实验组(添加芽孢杆菌池塘)与对照组(普通池塘)水体真核微生物群落结构,同时分析了两组池塘的水体理化指标。结果表明:8、9月实验组池塘水体中TN、NH_4~+-N、NO_3~--N含量显著低于对照组(P0.05)。水体中梅尼小环藻(Cyclotella meneghiniana)、红囊藻(Hedriocystis)、蓝隐藻(Chroomonas)、丝孢酵母属(Trichosporon)和小环藻属(Cyclotella)真核微生物丰度显著高于对照组(P0.05)。实验组池塘水体真核微生物Chao1指数和Shannon指数显著高于对照组(P0.05)。实验结果证实:通过向池塘添加芽孢杆菌,可以改变水体中真核微生物群落的结构,从而实现对池塘理化因子的调节。研究结果对于降低水产养殖尾水对水域环境的污染具有一定的意义。     

Precipitation forecasting by large-scale climate indices and machine learning techniques

Global warming is one of the most complicated challenges of our time causing considerable tension on our societies and on the environment. The impacts of global warming are felt unprecedentedly in a wide variety of ways from shifting weather patterns that threatens food production, to rising sea levels that deteriorates the risk of catastrophic flooding. Among all aspects related to global warming, there is a growing concern on water resource management. This field is targeted at preventing future water crisis threatening human beings. The very first stage in such management is to recognize the prospective climate parameters influencing the future water resource conditions. Numerous prediction models, methods and tools, in this case, have been developed and applied so far. In line with trend, the current study intends to compare three optimization algorithms on the platform of a multilayer perceptron (MLP) network to explore any meaningful connection between large-scale climate indices (LSCIs) and precipitation in the capital of Iran, a country which is located in an arid and semi-arid region and suffers from severe water scarcity caused by mismanagement over years and intensified by global warming. This situation has propelled a great deal of population to immigrate towards more developed cities within the country especially towards Tehran. Therefore, the current and future environmental conditions of this city especially its water supply conditions are of great importance. To tackle this complication an outlook for the future precipitation should be provided and appropriate forecasting trajectories compatible with this region's characteristics should be developed. To this end, the present study investigates three training methods namely backpropagation (BP), genetic algorithms (GAs), and particle swarm optimization (PSO) algorithms on a MLP platform. Two frameworks distinguished by their input compositions are denoted in this study: Concurrent Model Framework (CMF) and Integrated Model Framework (IMF). Through these two frameworks, 13 cases are generated: 12 cases within CMF, each of which contains all selected LSCIs in the same lead-times, and one case within IMF that is constituted from the combination of the most correlated LSCIs with Tehran precipitation in each lead-time. Following the evaluation of all model performances through related statistical tests, Taylor diagram is implemented to make comparison among the final selected models in all three optimization algorithms, the best of which is found to be MLP-PSO in IMF.     

新单系列玉米品种的遗传基础解析以及品质和产量性状变化趋势分析

为探索新单系列玉米品种籽粒品质性状之间的关系以及产量性状的变化趋势,以新乡市农科院2003年以来审定的玉米品种为材料,研究了它们的遗传基础、杂优模式、品质性状以及群体、个体生产力。结果表明：13个玉米品种利用的杂优模式主要有2种,9个品种杂优模式为改良Reid×唐四平头,4个品种为外来种质×唐四平头。品质分析中,‘新单28’、‘新单38’、‘新单66’粗淀粉含量高,‘新单61’、‘新单65’和‘新单68’的粗蛋白和赖氨酸含量高。粗脂肪含量和粗淀粉含量之间呈显著负相关,相关系数为0.610,粗蛋白含量和赖氨酸含量之间呈显著正相关,相关系数为0.491。产量分析表明,‘新单22’单株生产力最大,‘新单33’单株生产力最小,‘新单58’的群体生产力最大,‘新单28’的群体生产力最小。群体生产力随密度增加呈现上升趋势,其中密度为75000株/hm²时的群体生产力较45000株/hm²高62.9%,平均每公顷增加7500株产量增益为12.97%。单株生产力随密度增加开始呈下降趋势,增至60000株/hm²后逐渐平缓,低密度时单株生产力较高密度高5.5%。外来种质×唐四平头杂优模式选育的玉米新品种在品质上优于改良Reid×唐四平头模式选育的品种,且耐密性也显著增加,群体生产力也不断上升。     

罗氏沼虾SNP标记筛选及不同群体的遗传多样性

罗氏沼虾因其自身的生长优势,已成为我国重要的养殖虾类,为保证其养殖的持续健康发展,对其进行遗传多样性分析。利用罗氏沼虾性腺组织转录组测序结果,参考NCBI数据库,选取60个SNP位点,以马来西亚野生群体(MW)为样本,采用直接测序技术进行位点多态性检测,得到25个(41.7%)具有二态性等位基因位点。并对罗氏沼虾上海(SH)、浙江(ZJ)、马来西亚养殖群体(MF)、生长快速品系选育群体(BG)及MW群体5个群体的150尾个体进行遗传多样性分析,其观测杂合度Ho和期望杂合度He的分布范围分别为0.18～0.30和0.28～0.37,平均多态性信息含量依次为0.29、0.24、0.21、0.26和0.33,表现为中低等多态水平;群体间的遗传相似性系数和遗传距离变化范围分别为0.659～0.968和0.032～0.417,MF群体和BG群体遗传相似系数最小、遗传距离最大,SH群体和ZJ群体遗传相似系数最大、遗传距离最小;遗传分化指数和基因流的范围分别为0.045～0.363和0.440～5.293,MF群体和MW群体之间出现最高值,SH群体和ZJ群体出现最低值,SH群体和ZJ群体基因流最高,MF群体和MW群体最低;AMOVA分子方差分析显示,遗传变异主要来源于群体内,群体间的变异为26.33%。5个群体近交系数为0.151～0.342,3个养殖群体的平均近交系数均高于野生群体,对25个位点在5个群体中的基因型进行统计分析,有9个位点处的BG群体的基因型与其他3个养殖群体基因型分离方向相反,14个位点处3个养殖群体中杂合个体频数较MW群体低。研究结果为进一步开展罗氏沼虾遗传育种研究及保护政策的制定提供了参考。     

基于有限混合模型的山东海域口虾蛄群体体长结构分析

个体大小是渔业资源种群的重要结构特征,一般研究中采用平均个体体长或平均体质量等分析指标,难以充分反应具有多年龄结构和个体生长速度差异的种群组成差异。为研究口虾蛄个体大小组成的时空变化,实验根据山东海域2016年10月和2017年1、5、8月的底拖网调查数据,应用有限混合模型分析了不同性别、不同时间、不同水深口虾蛄个体大小的频率分布特征。结果发现,除秋季外,山东海域口虾蛄均可区分为高、低两个年龄组,同时雌雄体长分布具有一定的差异。从冬季到夏季,雌性口虾蛄中低龄组个体比例先下降后上升,雄性口虾蛄低龄比例则逐渐下降。就不同水深而言,口虾蛄低龄组个体主要集中在近海海域,其比例由近海向远海逐渐减小。各年龄组的近远海分布表现出季节性差异,春季高龄口虾蛄在近海比例最大,由近海向远海比例逐渐减小;夏季高龄组口虾蛄在20～30 m水深比例最大;冬季高龄组口虾蛄比例则由近海向远海逐渐增加。有限混合模型能够较好地对口虾蛄的体长结构进行分析,解析口虾蛄不同年龄组在山东海域的时空分布,对于深入了解口虾蛄种群分布动态和科学的渔业管理具有重要意义。     

Genetic diversity and aggressiveness of Calonectria pteridis in Eucalyptus spp.

Calonectria leaf blight, caused by Calonectria pteridis, is currently one of the main foliar diseases in eucalypt plantations in Brazil. In warm and high rainfall regions, the disease can be a limiting factor for eucalypt production when planting susceptible genotypes. The most effective method for controlling this disease in the field is the use of resistant genotypes, which requires knowledge of the genetic variability and aggressiveness of the pathogen population for effective deployment of plant resistance. This work evaluated the genetic diversity and aggressiveness of C. pteridis populations obtained from infected eucalypt plants in Monte Dourado (Pará state) and Imperatriz (Maranhão state), Brazil. To study the genetic diversity, 16 ISSR primers were tested, five of which amplified polymorphic, reproducible and informative bands. Thirty-one closely related genotypes were identified from 84 isolates studied, indicating that the population has a low genetic diversity. The aggressiveness of seven isolates, selected according to geographic origin and their clustering in the ISSR-based dendogram, was determined by inoculation of a hybrid Eucalyptus grandis × E. urophylla clone under controlled conditions. Disease severity was assessed by both measuring the percentage of plant defoliation and assigning a score according to a diagrammatic scale of symptoms. A high correlation between the two evaluation methods was observed, which revealed significant differences in aggressiveness among the isolates. The diagrammatic scale is recommended for disease evaluation because results are obtained much faster, before the occurrence of severe defoliation. No correlation between clustering in the ISSR-based phylogenetic analysis and aggressiveness was observed.